December 22-28, 2025 / Hawai`i Island, USA

Vol 44, Week 51: Lunar Broadcast Precursor — Terrestrial Edition

Human Activities in Space: ISS, TSS and Future Commercial Stations

Humans in Space

The International Space Station is now running under Expedition 74, with crew including Commander Mike Fincke, Kimiya Yui, Zena Cardman, Chris Williams, Oleg Platonov, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikaev. Experiments are helping push forward Artemis tech, such as radiation shielding and 3D bioprinting. Plans for deorbiting the station are moving ahead with a SpaceX contract worth up to $843M, aiming for 2030 and a smooth handover to commercial stations. Over on Tiangong Space Station, the Shenzhou 21 crew is currently aboard, Zhang Lu, Wu Fei and Zhang Hongzhang. Shenzhou 22 craft is docked as their ride home, after a debris issue with the previous ship. Expansion plans call for new modules by around 2028, with research in areas like hydroponics and quantum optics. The station is opening up to international partners and will host its first international Astronaut, from Pakistan. Starlab, a joint project from Voyager Space, Airbus, Mitsubishi and MDA, is a single-module station with three levels inside. It’s slated for 2029 launch on Starship, with research volume matching the ISS and more than half dedicated to commercial users. Vast Haven-1 is a single-module station, heading for launch NET May 2026 on a Falcon 9. Blue Origin and Sierra Space are teaming up on Orbital Reef, a multi-module setup for up to 10 people in 830 cubic meters (~100 less than the ISS), targeting operations in the late 2020s. Axiom is building a modular station that starts attached to the ISS, with the first module aiming for 2028, before going independent. Max Space is working on scalable inflatable modules, with a demo planned for 2026. (Image Credits: Vast, Blue Origin, CNSA, NASA)

James Webb Space Telescope Begins 5th Year in Space December 25

Webb 5th year in space begins this week, now in halo orbit around L2, ~1.5M km from Earth. 18 hexagonal mirror segments, of beryllium coated with ~48 grams of gold, must be kept <223°C to preserve precise alignment. A 5-layer sunshield protects even from sunlight reflected off Earth / Moon. ~6.5 square meter light-collecting area of Webb is about 6x that of Hubble, but with ~1/2 the mass at ~6,000kg. Webb can detect objects ~100x fainter–-much earlier in the history of the universe and has just found the earliest known supernova. Webb infrared-range images reveal galaxy formation, exoplanet atmospheres such as of Trappist-1, and first measurements of chemical / physical properties of a potential moon-forming disk encircling large exoplanet “CT Cha b”. Webb views Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and their satellites, and Kuiper Belt Objects. Webb also views comets, asteroids and minor planets at or beyond the orbit of Mars. Recent findings from Webb include a supermassive black hole moving at 1,000+ km /second, an exoplanet with a helium-and-carbon-dominated atmosphere, and a lemon-shaped exoplanet orbiting a dead star. Partners NASA Space Telescope Science Institute, ESA and CSA-ASC provide the US$10B+ over 20+ years for the Webb. (Image Credits: mirror by Drew Noel at Ball Aerospace, NASA STScl / ESA / CSA-ASC, sunshield at Northrop Grumman

Humans in Space

⭐ International Space Station, ~415-km LEO: Expedition 74 seven-member crew led by Mike Fincke, with members Zena Cardman, Chris Williams, Kimiya Yui, Oleg Platonov, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikaev, are conducting science research via stem cell studies, robotics experiments, heart health monitoring, physics investigations; other activities include cargo transfers, Earth observations, station upkeep, and spacesuit maintenance for 2026 EVAs.

⭐ Tiangong Space Station, ~390-km LEO: Shenzhou-21 three-member crew with Commander Zhang Lu, Wu Fei and Zhang Hongzhang continue their 6-month mission performing cargo transfers, microgravity research and biological studies; while Tianzhou is the state-owned resupply craft for TSS, carrying 7,400kg of cargo, China is developing 2 commercial alternatives: Haolong and Qingzhou, potentially launching next year.

🌔 Lunar Enterprise News: Intuitive Machines Forges Ahead with US$4.82B Lunar Relay Network  Astrobotic Clavius-S to Assist Lunar Surface and Cislunar Safety

☄ Near-Earth Objects Close Approaches  Mon Dec 22: Amor Asteroid 2025 WT3 (0.040 AU); Wed Dec 24: Apollo Asteroid 488789 (2004 XK50) (0.053 AU); Fri Dec 26: Apollo Asteroid 2025 XP3 (0.034 AU); Sun Dec 28: Aten Asteroid 2021 AB1 (0.026 AU)

The First Woman FLYS to the Moon …

NET (no earlier than)

Days

First Women LAND on the Moon …

Days

Loading Moon data for your location...

Loading planet data...

Ongoing Events …

Dec 21 – Dec 23 — Chinese Society of Astronautics (CSA), Wenchang, Hainan, China: Wenchang International Aviation and Aerospace Forum 2025

  • Ursids Meteor Shower Peak

    Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

    From Comet Tuttle (8P), with up to 10 per hour. Moon only 3% full helps viewing on peak nights; active Dec 17-26.

  • Launch Soyuz 2.1a / Obzor-R No.1

    Plesetsk Cosmodrome, ~63°N, Mirny, Russia

    NET Dec 23, launch of Earth science satellite to Sun-Synchronous Orbit for Russia.

  • Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) / BlueBird 6

    Satish Dhawan Space Center, ~14°N, Sriharikota, India

    India Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), also called Bahubali, to launch 6,500-kg Bluebird 6 for AST SpaceMobile; launch was coordinated by New Space India Limited (NSIL), commercial arm of ISRO.

  • 22 Years in Mars Orbit: ESA’s Mars Express

    Mars Orbit

    ESA spacecraft surpasses 22 full years / starts 23rd year in Mars orbit today; will continue to study Mars atmosphere & climate, planet structure, mineralogy, geology, and to search for traces of water; launched June 2, 2003 and arrived at Mars in Dec 2003.

  • 4 Years in Space: James Webb Space Telescope

    Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point

    Surpassing 4 full years / beginning 5th in space, NASA (STSci) / ESA / CSA infrared astronomy telescope designed to observe the earliest galaxies, study star and planet formation, and analyze the atmospheres of exoplanets, launched on this day via Ariane 5 ECA rocket in 2021.

  • Launch Long March 3B-E / Fengyun-4C

    Xichang Satellite Launch Center, ~28°N, Sichuan, China

    Earth science satellite to Geostationary Transfer Orbit for China's meteorological satellite program FY-4 (Feng Yun 4).

  • Holidays in Space 2026

    Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex FL, USA

    The stars are aligning for a brand-new show at Holidays in Space! Get ready for a nighttime spectacle that's out-of-this-world.

  • Launch Falcon 9 / CSG-3

    SLC-4E (~35°N), Vandenberg SFB CA, USA

    CSG-3 Earth observation satellite to Sun-Synchronous Orbit for Italian Space Agency (ASI), part of a reconnaissance constellation using synthetic aperture radars operating in the X-band.

  • Planetarium Show: Mystery of the Christmas Star

    Bloomfield Hills MI, USA

    Journey back 2000 years to Bethlehem as recorded sightings of significant astronomical occurrences during related historical events are examined to offer a possible scientific explanation for the Star the wise men followed.

  • Launch Soyuz 2.1b / AIST-2T 01 & 02

    Vostochny Cosmodrome, ~52°N, Russia

    NET Dec 28 launch of dual optical Earth observation satellites with 20 small ride-share payloads to Sun-Synchronous Orbit.